Islamic fundamentalist militants are the enemies of Israel and Western governments, correct? Think again. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed reports. US and Pakistani aptitude bigwigs spur amicable at a mujahidin training mark in 1987. Hamid Gul (front left) and then-Director of the CIA William Webster (second left).
Note then-Director of the ISI (Inter-Service Intelligence) Major Gen. Photo: rawa.orgOnce upon a schedule, the CIA trained, financed and supported Osama bin Laden and his mujahidin networks in Afghanistan to offend the Soviet aggression of Afghanistan. His unremitting arsonist attacks against us in the direction of more than a decade, culminating in 9/11, provoked our own comeback, in the erect of the ‘War on Terror’. After the aim of the Cold War, bin Laden turned against the West and we no longer had any ground in the direction of him. This is the lawful account. Not at best did Western aptitude services on to favour Islamist extremist and arsonist groups connected to al-Qaeda after the Cold War; they continued to do so mark after 9/11. And it’s deceitful.
The CIA’s jihadThe copy begins in the summer of 1979, six months thitherto the Soviet aggression, when the CIA had already begun financing elements of an emerging Islamist mujahidin push favourable Afghanistan. They supported the Saudis and other Gulf states, as good as Pakistan, Turkey and Azerbaijan amongst others, in proliferating Islamist extremist institutions in far-flung countries such as Algeria, Yemen, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The hint, according to whilom US National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski and whilom CIA Director Robert Gates, was to spreading the likelihood of a Soviet aggression, and entrap ‘the Soviets into a Vietnamese quagmire’.[1]Osama bin Laden arrived in the countryside later that year, sent close by then-Saudi aptitude chief Prince Turki bin Faisal, where he mark up the Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK) which helped bankroll, conscript and parade mujahidin fighters.[2] Bin Laden, the MAK, and the Afghan mujahidin in downright received up half a billion dollars a year from the CIA, and inexpertly the just the same from the Saudis, funnelled toe Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence (ISI).[3]By ’round 1988, as Jane’s Defence Weekly reports, ‘with US intelligence, Bin Laden created al-Qaeda (The Base): a conglomerate of quasi-independent Islamic arsonist cells spread across at least 26 countries’.[4] US and Western aptitude agencies facilitated this modify, seeing rightwing Islamist movements as a counterweight to Communist, leftwing and nationalist factious trends. Funding in the direction of these activities was intertwined with the context up of organized baddie pecuniary centres in Malaysia, Madagascar, South Africa, Nigeria, Latin America, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Turkestan, and somewhere else.[5]Islamism and the CIA’s destabilization doctrineAfter the come of the Soviet Union, and in especially in 1991 when the Saudis accepted the stationing of 300,000 US troops in the countryside charges to the Iraqi aggression of Kuwait, Osama bin Laden reportedly turned against his whilom masters in Riyadh and Washington. Unfortunately, this is where the lawful copy begins to lacuna down. Since then, bin Laden and his al-Qaeda arsonist network became our foe, targeting Western citizens and interests all the practice through the 1990s, culminating in the most vitriolic commence of all in the erect of the 9/11 atrocities in the US.
Because after 1991, Islamists joined to bin Laden and al-Qaeda continued to admit exacting corroborate from Western aptitude services. The just the same doctrines can in any event be Euphemistic pre-owned to destabilize what remains of Russian power, and from the dispute thrown away of all to victuals the Chinese knock in Central Asia.’[6]Afghanistan, Big Oil and the TalibanThroughout the 1990s, the exacting US aptitude sponsorship of Islamist extremist networks was linked not distinctly to destabilizing the correct attitude Russian and Chinese knock, but favour to securing US-led Western buy and grass on across critical zing reserves. The law was alluded to close by Graham Fuller, whilom Deputy Director of the CIA’s National Council on Intelligence, when he stated: ‘The law of guiding the development of Islam and of serving them against our adversaries worked marvellously good in Afghanistan against the Red Army.
When bin Laden moved from Sudan to Afghanistan in June 1996, the State Department warned that the up sticks ‘could assay more unsafe to US interests’, granting him ‘the adeptness to corroborate individuals and groups who go on with the disinterested and wherewithal to onslaught US interests direction worldwide’.[7] He had been offered defence close by Pakistan in May on brainwash that he align his mujahidin forces with the Taliban. This law continued up to the year 2000, consideration growing cautions. The brand-new al-Qaeda-Taliban controls was reportedly blessed close by the Saudis.[8]Yet as the respected Pakistani newswriter Ahmed Rashid reported, US aptitude supported the Taliban as a mechanism of regional knock at least between 1994 and 1998. Thus, when the Taliban conquered Kabul in 1996, a State Department spokesperson explained that the US create ‘nothing objectionable’ in the end. There pleasure be Aramco (consortium of fuel companies controlling Saudi oil), pipelines, an emir, no parliament and lots of Sharia law.
One year later, a US diplomat commented: ‘The Taliban pleasure possibly spreading like the Saudis. We can white-hot with that.’[9]Continued US sponsorship of the al-Qaeda-Taliban nexus in Afghanistan was confirmed as schedule as 2000 in Congressional hearings. The assumption is that ‘the Taliban would dotty steadiness to Afghanistan and permit the erection of fuel pipelines from Central Asia toe Afghanistan to Pakistan’.[10] US companies affected in the conjure up included UNOCAL and ENRON. Testifying thitherto the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on South Asia, Congressman Dana Rohrabacher – whilom White House Special Assistant to President Reagan and from schedule to schedule Senior Member of the House International Relations Committee – declared that ‘this on plead for on call has a covert law that has empowered the Taliban and enabled this uncomplicated coming to contain b conceal on to power’. As Noachic as May 1996, UNOCAL had officially announced plans to create a comprised in practice to exhilaration act gas from Turkmenistan to Pakistan toe western Afghanistan.
By then, US policymakers had belatedly concluded that the Taliban would in no practice dotty the steadiness needed in the direction of the comprised in practice conjure up. US officials held a sprinkling meetings with the Taliban from 2000 to summer 2001, in an affliction to spur the Taliban to approve of to a connection federal agency with their fixed enemies, the Northern Alliance, flushed pecuniary corroborate and global legitimacy if the act on was struck. According to Pakistani Foreign Minister Niaz Naik, who was grant at the meetings, US officials threatened the Taliban with military consummate if they failed to submit with the federalization drawing. Needless to phrase, the Taliban rejected the drawing.[11] So months thitherto the 9/11 arsonist attacks, a struggle on Afghanistan was already on the victuals. Even the dilapidated hat modern of threatened military consummate, October 2001, was proposed. Jean-Charles Brisard, a whilom French aptitude fuzz, that being so speculates that 9/11 may go on with been a pre-emptive onslaught close by al-Qaeda to avert dotty the declared US military aggression of Afghanistan.[12]There is in any event active predisposed in the comprised in practice.
Then-US Ambassador to Turkmenistan Ann Jacobsen respected that: ‘We are coolly looking at the conjure up, and it is unreservedly imaginable that American companies pleasure conterminous with it.’[13] The disturbed remains that the southern slice of the proposed comprised in practice runs toe province in any event de facto controlled close by Taliban forces. ‘Since the US-led distasteful that ousted the Taliban from power,’ reported Forbes in 2005, ‘the conjure up has been revived and wearied burly US support’ as it would stand the Central Asian republics to export zing to Western markets ‘without relying on Russian routes’. Mega Oil and mujahidin from the Balkans to the CaucasusUnfortunately, we from schedule to schedule certain that US flirtations with the al-Qaeda-Taliban nexus in Afghanistan all the practice through the 1990s were at best one wink of an eye in a much wider covert US geostrategy to locked up buy and grass on across critical zing resources across the Eurasian continent, close by co-opting Islamist networks joined with bin Laden. That year, three US Air Force officers, Richard Secord (a whilom Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense in the direction of International Security Affairs), Heinie Aderholt and Ed Dearborn, landed in Baku, and mark up a ally body, ‘MEGA Oil’.
In 1991, the from the dispute thrown away Bush Administration wanted an fuel comprised in practice from Azerbaijan, across the Caucasus, to Turkey. They were veterans of if the opportunity arises CIA covert operations in Laos and later with Lt. Oliver North’s Contra defamation. Col. In Azerbaijan, they setup an airline to secretly dotty hundreds of al-Qaeda mujahidin from Afghanistan into Azerbaijan. A comprised in cover Turkish aptitude assertion leaked to the Sunday Times confirmed that ‘two petrol giants, BP and Amoco, British and American one after the other, which together erect the AIOC (Azerbaijan International Oil Consortium), are behind the coup d’йtat.[15]From 1992 to 1995, the Pentagon flew thousands of al-Qaeda mujahidin from Central Asia into Europe, to cadaver aloof from alongside Bosnian Muslims against the Serbs.
By 1993, MEGA Oil had recruited and armed 2,000 mujahidin, converting Baku into a currish in the direction of regional jihadi operations.[14]The covert managing contributed to the military coup that toppled elected president Abulfaz Elchibey that year, and installed US hireling Heidar Aliyev. The mujahidin were ‘accompanied close by US Special Forces equipped with high-tech communications trappings,’ according to aptitude sources. In 1998, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) was listed close by the State Department as a arsonist classification financed close by bin Laden and the heroin commerce. Bin Laden’s mercenaries were Euphemistic pre-owned as eye-opener troops close by the Pentagon ‘to harmonize and corroborate Bosnian Muslim offensives’.[16]The consistency continued in Kosovo, where ethnic frenzy wiped manifest out between Albanians and Serbs. Bin Laden had sent a postpositive major lieutenant, Muhammed al-Zawahiri (brother of al-Qaeda characteristic head Ayman al-Zawahiri), to first an йlite KLA element during the Kosovo wrangle. Indeed, British SAS and American Delta Force instructors were training KLA fighters as Noachic as 1996.
He had enjoin portable radio give someone a ring with NATO supervision. The CIA supplied military workers up to and during the 1999 bombing affliction, including military training manuals and contestants admonition, comprised in the counterpane of OSCE (Organization in the direction of Security and Co-operation in Europe) ceasefire monitors.[17]After the Kosovo War, when the KLA switched operations to Macedonia comprised in the nautical jack of the National Liberation Army (NLA), its links with al-Qaeda were as burly as at all according to US, Macedonian, Albanian and Yugoslav aptitude sources. Sir Mike Jackson, then-commander of NATO troops in the area, summed it up in 1999: ‘We pleasure certainly mizen-stay here in the direction of a crave schedule in directive to foretell the cover of the zing corridors which irritable Macedonia.’ The General was talking up the Trans-Balkan comprised in practice expiring toe Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania, planned to be a first course to the West in the direction of Central Asian fuel and gas.[19]Around the just the same schedule, US aptitude stepped up sponsorship of al-Qaeda mujahidin in Chechnya. Yet close by 2001, Canadian military newswriter Scott Taylor reported after a pop in to Tetovo that ‘there is no denying the big amount of textile and expertness supplied close by NATO to the guerrillas’.[18]So why the Balkans? Gen.
Chechnya is traditionally a predominantly Sufi set, in time to come the increasing encroachment of US-sponsored mujahidin operatives linked to Osama bin Laden transformed the respectability of the Chechen Maquis coming, empowering al-Qaeda’s hardline Islamist doctrine. According to Yossef Bodanksy, then-Director of the US Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, Washington was actively affected in ‘yet another anti-Russian jihad, ’seeking to corroborate and empower the most mordant anti-Western Islamist forces’. US aptitude ties had been established in the Noachic 1990s in Baku comprised in Dick Secord’s managing, where mujahidin activities had hurriedly extended into Dagestan and Chechnya, turning Baku into a shipping urging in the direction of Afghan heroin to the Chechen mafia.[20]From the mid-1990s, bin Laden funded Chechen unconventional leaders Shamil Basayev and Omar ibn al-Khattab to the tune up of a sprinkling millions of dollars per month, sidelining the unvarying Chechen changelessness.[21] US aptitude remained greatly affected until the aim of the decade. US Government officials participated in ‘a formal convergence in Azerbaijan’ in December 1999 ‘in which fixed programmes in the direction of the training and equipping of mujahidin from the Caucasus, Central/South Asia and the Arab set were discussed and agreed upon’, culminating in ‘Washington’s unsaid animation of both Muslim allies (mainly Turkey, Jordan and Saudi Arabia) and US “private gage companies”. Tens of thousands of FIS voters were rounded up into internment camps in the Sahara, while the FIS and other Islamist factious parties were banned.
to abet the Chechens and their Islamist allies to pulsate in the assume the expenses of of 2000 and reinforce the ensuing jihad in the direction of a crave schedule.’ The US platitude the sponsorship of ‘Islamist jihad in the Caucasus’ as a practice to ‘deprive Russia of a feasible comprised in practice course toe spiralling frenzy and terrorism’.[22]Algeria – formal terrorism in disguiseParallel covert operations were deployed in the just the same age in Algeria, where the army cancelled put toe egalitarian elections in 1992 that would go on with brought the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) to power in a landslide supremacy. Not crave after the coup, hundreds of civilians were being mysteriously massacred close by an unrecognized arsonist bring, identified close by the Algerian coterie as a left-winger Often Euphemistic pre-owned as plural child of the FIS admission itself the Armed Islamic Group (GIA). ‘Yussuf-Joseph’, a livelihood comprised in cover factor in Algeria’s sйcuritй militaire in the direction of 14 years, defected to Britain in 1997 and told the Guardian that civilian massacres in Algeria, blamed on the GIA, were ‘the act on of comprised in cover the Old Bill and army extirpation squads. The GIA was formed by of Algerian veterans of bin Laden’s mujahidin forces in Afghanistan who had returned in the schedule 1980s.[23] To dilapidated hat modern, the downright extirpation tolling from the massacres close by the GIA is an estimated 150,000 civilians.[24]Yet in the schedule 1990s, attest began to appear from conflicting Algerian Government and aptitude sources that the GIA atrocities were in the drop gain perpetrated close by the formal. not Islamic extremists’. According to Joseph: ‘The GIA is a sterilized produce of Smain’s comprised in cover mending.
GIA terrorism was ‘orchestrated’ close by ‘Mohammed Mediane, avert of the Algerian comprised in cover service’, and ‘General Smain Lamari’, avert of ‘the victuals aptitude agency’. I Euphemistic pre-owned to infer from all the comprised in cover telexes. The GIA has been really turned close by the Government. I certain that the GIA has been infiltrated and manipulated close by the Government.
In 1992 Smain created a significant bring, L’Escadron de la Mort (the Squadron of Death). The FIS aren’t doing the massacres.’Joseph also confirmed that Algerian aptitude agents organized ‘at least’ two of the bombs in Paris in summer 1995. The extirpation squads propound together the massacres.
‘The managing was get the lead out of one’s pants close by Colonel Souames Mahmoud, alias Habib, avert of the comprised in cover mending at the Algerian embassy in Paris.’ Joseph’s confirmation has been corroborated close by numerous defectors from the Algerian comprised in cover services.[25]Western aptitude agencies are implicated. The documents referred to the ‘manipulation of the GIA being Euphemistic pre-owned as a counterpane to farceur around manifest their own operations’, and that ‘there was no attest to associate 1995 Paris bombings to Algerian militants’.[26]Algeria has the fifth largest reserves of act gas in the set, and is the aide-de-camp largest gas exporter, with 130 trillion proven act gas reserves. Secret British Foreign Office documents revealed in a arsonist trial run in 2000 showed that ‘British aptitude believed the Algerian Government was affected in atrocities, contradicting the judgement the Government was claiming in public’. It ranks fourteenth in the direction of fuel reserves, with lawful estimates at 9.2 billion barrels. Algeria’s biggest trading partners are Italy, France, the United States, Germany, and Spain. Approximately 90 per cent of Algeria’s Noachic fuel exports thrown away to Western Europe, including Britain, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. Currently, the combative Algerian channel bring, the al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb – in the dilapidated days known as the Salafist Group in the direction of Preaching and Combat (GSPC) – plays a incomparable position in regional arsonist frenzy.
He discusses attest that an al-Qaeda hostage-taking of European tourists in Noachic 2003 ‘was initiated and orchestrated close by elements within the Algerian military establishment’, an managing ‘condoned close by the US’, and that al-Qaeda head Ammar Saifi (also known as Abderazzak El Para, or ‘the Maghreb’s bin Laden’) ‘was “turned” close by the Algerian gage forces in January 2003′.[27]Energy hegemony is a limber up precedency. Yet in a series of expansive analyses in the direction of the Review of African Political Economy, popular anthropologist Dr Jeremy Keenan – Director of Sahara Studies at the University of East Anglia – documents ‘an increasing amount of attest to insinuate that the purported spread of arsonist activities across much of the Sahelian Sahara, has exactly been an cultivate knavery on the insinuate of US and Algerian military aptitude services’. Reported al-Qaeda battle in North Africa has focused on oil-rich nations, unusually the Niger Delta, Nigeria, and Chad. This has from schedule to schedule evolved into the $500 million Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Initiative, in which Algeria plays a central position in US plans in the direction of later regional military deployment. Thus, in July 2003, Keenan reports, comprised in US government Algeria, Chad, Niger and Nigeria ’signed a co-operation concurrence on counter-terrorism that effectively joined the two oil-rich sides of the Sahara together in a complex of gage arrangements whose architecture is American’. The region-wide gage affair coincides with the inauguration of a $6 billion World Bank conjure up, the Chad-Cameroon fuel comprised in practice.[28]Islamist extremism and the Israeli connectionCuriously, Israel has played a limber up position in some of these policies, starting with the involvement of Congressman Charlie Wilson, who Euphemistic pre-owned his belief in the House Select Committee on Intelligence, gained with the corroborate of then Senator Dick Cheney, to incline up billions of dollars’ value of corroborate in the direction of both Israel and the Afghan mujahidin.[29] Gust Avracotos, the CIA’s Station Chief in Islamabad, commented that Wilson brought ‘the Israelis into the CIA’s Muslim jihad’, introduction opportunities in the direction of Mossad incision of the ISI and al-Qaeda and securing Israeli arms contracts and aptitude ties with Pakistan.[30]Closer to dwelling, Israel played a unequivocally like contest in its undefined relationship to Hamas.
many Israeli textbook officers believed that the go of fundamentalism in Gaza could be exploited to enervate the power of the PLO’.[32]Israeli corroborate in the direction of Hamas reportedly continued mark after the signing of the Oslo accords in 1993, during the age of some of the worst suicide bombings.[33] Even the schedule Palestinian Authority (PA) President Yassir Arafat said in 2001 that Hamas ‘continued to profit from permits and authorizations, while we go on with been mark up, mark [for permits] to create a tomato belief. US Government and aptitude sources reinforce that Israel provided enjoin and accidental pecuniary corroborate to Hamas in the schedule 1970s as a counterbalance to the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO).[31] According to the Israeli military affairs experts Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari, at the schedule of the from the dispute thrown away Intifadah, Fatah ’suspected the Israelis of a chart from the dispute thrown away to enable to hire manifest Hamas spur concentration and then to unleash it against the PLO, turning the coup d’Вtat into a well-mannered struggle. Some collaborationists of Israel are affected in these [terrorist] attacks.’[34]Indeed, there are indications that the Israeli assassination of Hamas head Abu Hanoud in November 2001 was a ploy to hector more mad dog bombings. As Israeli military gage analyst Alex Fishman respected: ‘Whoever gave a fresh fluorescence to this go on with of liquidation knew ear-splitting good that he was thereby shattering in one haver a abolish b thrown away up the stockade drive crazy the gentleman’s concurrence between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority.
Three months earlier, the Israeli Insider reported Ariel Sharon’s drawing in the direction of an all-out onslaught on the PA to constantly disable its infrastructure, noting that the drawing would at best ‘be launched instantly following the next high-casualty suicide bombing’ – which was later provoked close by Israel’s extrajudicial fatiguing of Hanoud. Under that concurrence, Hamas was to circumvent in the close later suicide bombings favourable the Green Line (pre-1967 border), having reviewing a thrown away across to the judgement that it would be safer not to suck up to into Israel’s hands close by come together attacks on its inhabitants centres. The put toe had been extensively discussed both close by the military and the factious echelon, thitherto it was decisive to farceur around manifest the liquidation.’[35]Elements of the Israeli far-right, including postpositive major highboy officials, recognized that the drawing to disable the PA would aid the go of Hamas. This judgement was, in whatever practice, shattered close by the assassination the broad broad daylight thitherto yesterday – and whoever decisive upon the liquidation of Abu knew in abet that that would be the cost.
In an Israeli Cabinet convergence in December 2001, in the direction of case in urging, one man declared: ‘Between Hamas and Arafat, I proffer Hamas.’ He added that Arafat is a ‘terrorist in a diplomat’s cause, while Hamas can be belabour unmercifully. Even from schedule to schedule, almost a decade after 9/11, covert sponsorship of al-Qaeda networks continues. there won’t be any global protests’.[36]Ties with terrorIslamist terrorism cannot be arranged without acknowledging the surmount to which its networks are being Euphemistic pre-owned close by Western military aptitude services, both to buy and grass on critical zing resources and to victuals their geopolitical rivals. In modern dispatches in the direction of the New Yorker, investigative scrimshaw Seymour Hersh cites US Government and aptitude officials’ confirmation that the CIA and the Pentagon go on with funnelled millions of dollars via Saudi Arabia to al-Qaeda joined Sunni extremist groups, across the Middle East and Central Asia. In Noachic 2008, a US Presidential Finding to Congress corroborated Hersh’s reporting, affirming CIA funding value $400 million to distinctive anti-Shi’a extremist and arsonist groups.
The law, which Hersh says began in 2003, has spilled across into regions like Iraq and Lebanon, fuelling Sunni-Shi’a dogmatic wrangle.[37] The abstract is insinuate of a go on with to victuals Iranian Shi’a knock in the area. This was not contested close by any Democratic members of the House.[38] Now, President Obama has retained Bush’s Defense Secretary, Robert Gates, as his own. To dilapidated hat modern, Obama has assumption no tip that this scheme pleasure substitute.
Yet Gates was the architect of the covert scheme against Iran. The dilapidated hat outlined here throws into waver our unmixed judgement of the ‘war on terror’. It pleasure be won at dwelling close by holding the slyly structures of agency to account and prosecuting officials in the direction of aiding and abetting terrorism – whether knowingly or close by baddie negligence. How can we cadaver aloof from a struggle against an foe that our own governments are covertly financing in the direction of rash geopolitical interests?If the ‘war on terror’ is to aim, it won’t be won close by fighting the next bootless fuel struggle.
Ultimately at best this pleasure tiller in the ’security’ agencies that favour the ‘enemy’ we are required to be fighting. His latest regulations is The London Bombings: An Independent Inquiry (Duckworth, 2006). Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute in the direction of Policy Research and Development. This is an extended conception of the article which appeared in the October 2009 cut back on resist of NI, Islam in Power. Le Nouvel Observateur (15-21 January 1998) p.
1. 76; Robert Gates, From the Shadows – The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997) pp. Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud – The Secret Relationship between the World’s Two Most Powerful Dynasties (London: Scribner, 2004) p. 143-1492. 100. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale: Yale University Press, 2000) p.
3. 914. Richard Labeviere, Dollars For Terror: The United States and Islam (New York: Algora, 2000)6.
Rahul Bedi, ‘Why? An rifleman at to clear up the unexplainable,’ Jane’s Defence Weekly (14 September 2001)5. Cited in ibid. Judicial Watch Press Release, ‘Clinton State Department Documents Outlined bin Laden Threat to the United States in Summer 1996′ (17 August 2005) www.judicialwatch.org/5504.shtml8.
7. Gerald Posner, Why America Slept: The Failure to Prevent 9/11 (New York: Ballantine, 2003) pp. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000) pp.
105-69. 166, 17910. Also over Rohrabacher, Statement thitherto Hearing of the House International Relations Committee on ‘Global Terrorism And South Asia,’ (Washington DC: US House of Representatives, 12 July 2000). Dana Rohrabacher, ‘US Policy Toward Afghanistan,’ Statement thitherto Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on South Asia (Washington DC: US Senate, 14 April 1999). 11. Jean-Charles Brisard and Guillaume Dasquie, Forbidden Truth: US-Taliban Secret Oil Diplomacy and the Failed Hunt in the direction of Bin Laden (New York: Nation, 2002); George Arney, ‘US ‘planned onslaught on Taleban’,’ BBC News (18 September 2001).
George Arney, ‘US ‘planned onslaught on Taleban’,’ BBC News (18 September 2001) newsflash.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/southasia/newsid1550000/1550366.stm12. newsflash.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/southasia/newsid1550000/1550366.stm13. Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 911 – Wealth Empire and the Future of America (Berkley: University of California Press, 2007) pp.
‘US Companies Eye Trans-Afghan Pipeline’, Forbes (19 January 2005) www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/ap/2005/01/18/ap1764703.html14. 163-16515. 5, no. ‘BP Linked to the Overthrow of Azerbaijan Government,’ Drillbits and Trailings (17 April 2000, vol.
6)16. Sources in Nafeez Ahmed, The War on Truth: 9/11, Disinformation and the Anatomy of Terrorism (New York: Interlink, 2005)18. Cees Wiebes (2003) Intelligence and the War in Bosnia 1992-1995: The position of the aptitude and gage services (New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, Rutgers State University, 2003); ‘US Commits Forces, Weapons to Bosnia,’ Defense and Foreign Affairs: Strategic Policy (31 October 1994)17. Scott Taylor, ‘Macedonia’s Civil War: ‘Made in the USA” (Randolph Bourne Institute, 20 August 2001) www.antiwar.com/orig/taylor1.html19. 9620.
Michel Collon, Monopoly – L’Otan а la Conquкte du monde (Brussels: EPO, 2000) p. Scott, op. 163-165. cit., pp. 21. Yossef Bodanksy, ‘The Great Game in the direction of Oil’, Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy(June/July 2000)23. Mark Erikson, ‘Bin Laden’s mad dog billow 2′, Asia Times (29 October 2002)www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DJ29Ag05.html22.
Colin Robinson, ‘Armed Islamic Group a.k.a. The Guardian (8 April 2004)25. Groupement Islamique Armй’ (Washington DC: Center in the direction of Defense Information, 5 February 2003) www.cdi.org/terrorism/gia_020503.cfm24. Ahmed, 2005, pp. Richard Norton-Taylor, ‘Terrorist encase collapses after three years’, The Guardian (21 March 2000)27. 65-77; Ahmed, 200126.
Jeremy Keenan, ‘Terror in the Sahara: the Implications of US Imperialism in the direction of North & West Africa,’ Review of African Political Economy (September 2004, 31 (101): 475-486); ‘Political Destablisation and ‘Blowback’ in the Sahel’, Review of African Political Economy (December 2004, 31(102): 691-703). Keenan (2005) ‘Chad-Cameroon fuel comprised in practice: World Bank and ExxonMobil in Last Chance Saloon,’ Review of African Political Economy (2005, Vol. 28. 32, No. 395-405; Keenan, (2006) ‘The making of terrorists: Anthropology and the substitute facts in fact of America’s ‘War on Terror’ in the Sahara’, Focaal – European Journal of Anthropology (2006, No.
104/5) pp. 48) pp. 29. 144-51. George Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War (London: Atlantic Books, 2003). Ibid. 30.
p. 31. 391. Richard Sale, ‘Analysis: Hamas History Tied to Israel,’ United Press International (18 June 2002) www.upi.com/Security_Industry/2002/06/18/Analysis-Hamas-history-tied-to-Israel/UPI-8272102444558732. George Szamuely, ‘Israel’s Hamas’, New York Press (April 2002, Vol.
Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari, The Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising – Israel’s Third Front (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)33. 15, No. L’Espresso (19 December 2001) [Rome]35. 17)34. Yediot Ahranot (25 November 2001)36.
Seymour M. Ha’aretz (4 December 2001)37. Hersh, ‘The Redirection’, New Yorker (5 March 2007) http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/03/05/070305fa_fact_hersh38. Alexander Cockburn, ‘Exclusive: Secret Bush ‘Finding’ Widens Covert War on Iran’, Counterpunch (2 May 2008) www.counterpunch.org/andrew05022008.htmlSource
Correlation:
911,
Gov.
